Vocabulary :
(1) renewable = 再生
(2) hydropower = 水力發電
(3) abundant = 豐富
(4) sustainable = 可持續的
(5) terawatt = 太瓦 (即10的12次方瓦)
(6) fossil fuel = 化石燃料
(7) significantly = 重要地
(8) pollutants = 污染物
(9) enormously = 極大地
(10) reliance = 依賴
(11) depleted = 耗盡的
(12) solar energy = 太陽能
(13) wind energy = 風能
(14) competitive advantage = 競爭優勢
(15) hydropower dams = 水力發電水壩
(16) state-owned = 國有
(17) impact = 影響
(18) despite = 儘管
(19) availability = 可用性
(20) accessibility = 可接近性
(21) complement = 補充
(22) waterway = 水路
(23) tropical monsoon climate = 熱帶季風氣候
(24) power grid = 電網
(25) utilities = 公用事業
(26) hydro resource = 水資源
(27) thermal energy = 熱能
(28) indigenous = 原住民
(29) solar farm = 太陽能農場 (即一大片地方放滿太陽能板)
(30) diverse = 多樣的
(31) micro-hydro and solar hybrid = 小型水力及太陽混合
(32) scattered = 分散的
(33) remote = 遠程
(34) rural communities = 農村社區
(35) SDGs = sustainable development goals = 可持續發展目標
(36) interconnect = 相互聯繫
(37) affordable = 負擔得起的
(38) decent = 體面的
(39) carbon emissions = 碳排放
(40) template = 模板
##################################
Why global switch to renewable hydropower may be the answer to limiting climate change
- 14 Jan, 2020
Sarawak, Malaysian state on Southeast Asian island of Borneo, targets renewable energy from its abundant water supplies
State-owned power company Sarawak Energy’s focus on hydropower comes as it targets three of UN’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals
Human activities currently consume close to 150,000 terawatt-hours of energy each year – 25 times more than in 1800.
Today’s energy supplies are largely derived from fossil fuels, which have been proved to contribute significantly to climate change.
“It's clear that they are great pollutants,” Eddie Rich, CEO of International Hydropower Association, a non-profit organisation working to advance sustainable hydropower, has told South China Morning Post’s Morning Studio.
"It's clear that fossil fuels are great pollutants … they are contributing enormously to climate change. We have to do something to move beyond this reliance on fossil fuels to renewable energies
Eddie Rich, CEO, International Hydropower Association
“[We] are using up the world's resources and they are contributing enormously to climate change – man-made climate change. We have to do something to move beyond this reliance on fossil fuels to renewable energies.”
As reserves of fossil fuels are being depleted, industries and governments are increasingly looking at other alternative sources of energy, particularly renewable energy.
The focus of renewable energy has been centred on solar and wind energy, but what happens when the sun goes down and the wind speed drops?
The Malaysian state of Sarawak – home to more than 55 rivers with a combined length exceeding 3,300km (2,050 miles) on the island of Borneo – is playing to its strengths and sustainable competitive advantage by investing in hydropower to drive development. The goal is to supply Sarawak with full electrification by 2025.
Focus on affordable and clean power
Hydropower is the largest source of renewable energy in the world, accounting for around 16 per cent of the planet’s electricity.
Sarawak joins other hydropower successes around the world including Norway, Canada, Brazil and China.
At present, Sarawak’s three large hydropower dams have a combined installed capacity of 3,452MW of renewable energy, in line with the state-owned energy developer and power company Sarawak Energy’s goal to help fulfil one of the UN’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of affordable and clean energy.
This has led to a 77 per cent reduction in carbon emissions from the state’s electricity system since 2009, when Sarawak started focusing strongly on hydropower.
There are opportunities around the world for growth in hydropower ... [we must] draw on the lessons of the past, in terms of environmental, social and climate impact, to make sure that the impacts can be very positive
Eddie Rich
In turn, this cut has contributed to Malaysia’s 2015 UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) target of a 45 per cent reduction by 2030. This is to be achieved despite hydropower accounting for less than 10 per cent of the energy mix in Malaysia, outside Sarawak.
The availability and accessibility of hydropower sources in the state mirrors countries such as Norway and Uruguay, where almost 100 per cent of electricity is generated from hydropower.
“There are opportunities around the world at the moment for more growth in hydropower,” Rich says.
“As I look to the future of hydropower, I hope that there'll be a lot more of it – and it will be replacing much of the fossil fuel production and complementing other forms of renewable energy.
“I also hope that it will draw on the lessons of the past, in terms of environmental, social and climate impact, to make sure that the impacts can be very positive.”
Sarawak has not only an abundance of waterways, but also benefits from all-year-round rainfall and tropical monsoons.
This plentiful supply of water has made Sarawak a key mover in Southeast Asia’s Association of Southeast Asian Nations power grid; it began exporting power to West Kalimantan across the Indonesian border in 2016.
As I look to the future of hydropower, I hope that there'll be a lot more of it – and it will be replacing much of fossil fuel production, and complementing other forms of renewable energy
Eddie Rich
By working with neighbouring utilities such as PLN in Indonesia and Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd in Sabah, Sarawak Energy plans to complete a Borneo Grid connecting the member states of Borneo – Brunei, Sabah, and Kalimantan – with its hydro resources.
In the longer-term, Sarawak can potentially export power to Southeast Asian states beyond Borneo, such as parts of the Philippines, Java, in Indonesia, Singapore and West Malaysia.
State combines different energy sources
To further maximise hydropower, the ways in which it can complement other forms of renewable energy should be fully explored, Rich says.
Hydropower currently accounts for 75 per cent of Sarawak’s total power generation mix.
For energy security, the state balances its hydro strengths with thermal energy from indigenous gas and coal resources. Sarawak is also exploring large-scale solar power production that floats on existing lakes instead of clearing land for solar farms.
Sarawak Energy targets large-scale solar power and other renewable energy to account for 4 per cent of the total mix by 2030.
The diverse geographic make-up of the state means Sarawak Energy also uses micro-hydro and solar hybrid to power scattered and remote rural communities. The power company is also exploring hydrogen’s potential as an alternative fuel and energy.
The UN’s 17 SDGs are interconnected so achieving all of them by 2030 may be too challenging, but some core goals are likely to be within reach by then: affordable and clean energy (Goal no 7), which is closely linked to decent work and economic growth (Goal no 8) and climate action, via the reduction of carbon emissions (Goal no 13).
With a good mix of different renewable energy sources, Sarawak is creating a template for states across Southeast Asia and the wider region to move away from a dependence on coal and gas-generated electricity while playing their part in achieving the 17 SDGs.
Source : https://www.scmp.com/native/news/asia/topics/sustainable-hydropower-asia/article/3045977/why-global-switch-renewable
回主頁
2020年4月3日星期五
Newspaper Cutting 004 - Coronavirus: US starts to change its thinking on wearing protective masks
Vocabulary :
(1) Coronavirus = 冠狀病毒
(2) mask = 口罩
(3) state = 州
(4) official guideline = 官方指引
(5) acknowledge = 確認
(6) contain the spread of = 遏止
(7) suspicion = 懷疑
(8) unnecessary = 多餘
(9) shift gears = 突然改變講法
(10) Guidance = 指引
(11) asymptomatic = 無症狀的
(12) transmission = 傳染
(13) reinforce = 加強
(14) physical distancing = 物理距離
(15) cautious = 謹慎
(16) reversal = 逆轉
(17) discourage = 不鼓勵
(18) medical-grade masks = 醫學級的口罩
(19) beleaguered = 陷入困境的
(20) a variety of materials = 不同的物料
(21) silk = 絲綢
(22) linen = 麻布
(23) substitute = 替代品
(24) safety measures = 安全措施
(25) folks = 鄉親
(26) Vitally = 至關重要的
(27) infectious particles = 傳染物質
(28) curb = 抑制
(29) cough = 咳嗽
(30) sneeze = 噴嚏
(31) symptoms = 症狀
(32) widespread = 廣泛
(33) tune = 論調
(34) forthcoming = 即將來臨
(35) essential = 必要的
(36) appointment = 約定
(37) grocery = 雜貨鋪
(38) pharmacy = 藥房
(39) urge = 敦促
(40) symptomatic = 有症狀的
(41) community = 社區
(42) false sense of security = 錯誤的安全感
(43) flout = 嘲笑
(44) at odds with = 不一致
(45) contention = 爭奪
(46) cultural norm = 文化規範
(47) collective responsibility = 集體責任
(48) startling = 吃驚的
(49) lagged = 落後
(50) overwhelmed = 不知所措的
(51) cottage industry = 手工業
(52) customised = 訂造
(53) quilter = 縫被子的人
(54) undersupply = 供不應求
(55) crucial = 關鍵
(56) deprive = 剝奪
(57) sew = 縫
(58) bandana = 頭巾
(59) scarve = 圍巾
###################################
Coronavirus: US starts to change its thinking on wearing protective masks - 3 Apr, 2020
California becomes the first state to offer official guidelines acknowledging that wearing a mask could help contain the spread of coronavirus
Many Americans have viewed face coverings with suspicion or as unnecessary
After months of saying that wearing a mask would not help the public avoid infection by the coronavirus, authorities across the United States are shifting gears.
On Wednesday evening, California became the first state to offer official guidelines acknowledging that wearing a mask could help contain the spread of coronavirus.
In its new “Face Coverings Guidance”, the state’s Department of Public Health said: “There may be a benefit to reducing asymptomatic transmission and reinforcing physical distancing from the use of face coverings. However, face coverings may increase risk if users reduce their use of strong defences, such as physical distancing and frequent hand washing, when using face coverings.”
While the language is cautious, the new advice marks a reversal for state officials. The guidelines still discourage the public from using medical-grade masks needed by beleaguered health care workers, but they do say the public can wear cloth face coverings “made of a variety of materials, such as cotton, silk or linen”
California Governor Gavin Newsom has warned, however, that face coverings were not a substitute for other safety measures.
“They are not a substitute for physical distancing. They are not a substitute for the stay-at-home order. They are not a call for folks to buy N95 masks and surgical masks, pulling them away from … our first responders,” he said on Wednesday.
Vitally, masks do not prevent the wearer from breathing in infectious particles, but they do help curb transmission when worn by infected people. According to the California health department: “Their primary role is to reduce the release of infectious particles into the air when someone speaks, coughs or sneezes, including someone who has Covid-19 but feels well.”
In light of findings by the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that as many as 25 per cent of those infected may not show symptoms of any kind, more widespread mask wearing among the general public could make a big difference in slowing the virus’ spread.
The official tune is changing not just in California but in Washington. CNN reported on Wednesday that most members of President Donald Trump’s coronavirus task force now agree that Americans should wear face coverings in public, and that formal guidance on the masks was likely forthcoming.
The Washington Post said the CDC was also considering changing its guidelines and will encourage everyone to wear face coverings in public.
On a local level, the official line on masks has also been changing. On Tuesday, Southern California’s Riverside County rolled out new guidelines “recommending residents cover their nose and mouth when leaving home for essential travel to doctor appointments, grocery shopping or pharmacy visits.”
Since the beginning of the outbreak, American officials and the CDC have urged private citizens not to use masks, saying they should only be worn if a person is symptomatic.
As recently as two weeks ago, US Surgeon General Jerome Adams wrote on Twitter: “Seriously people – STOP BUYING MASKS! They are NOT effective in preventing [the] general public from catching coronavirus, but if health care providers can’t get them to care for sick patients, it puts them and our communities at risk!”
But on Wednesday, Adams went on NBC’s Today show to say he was asking the CDC to investigate whether it should rethink its recommendation on public mask wearing.
Dr Sonia Angell, director of the California Department of Public Health, warned this week that masks would give people a false sense of security, leading them to flout social distancing restrictions. Still, she admitted that they could be an effective measure in preventing infection. “In short,” she said, “there might be some benefit to using these, but only when they’re used well.”
“There is some evidence that using face coverings may reduce asymptomatic infections,” said Angell, “simply decreasing the amount of infectious particles that go into the air when we cough, when we sneeze or particularly when we speak closely to other people.”
The World Health Organisation has continued to say that healthy people do not need to wear masks, although that view is at odds with government actions in many Asian countries.
On Wednesday, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said his government would send cloth masks to every household in Japan. In major Chinese cities like Beijing and Shanghai, mask wearing was made compulsory during the outbreak, and many businesses continue to refuse service to anyone not wearing facial protection.
The use of masks for private citizens has emerged as a point of contention not just between countries but also between different communities in the United States.
Among the East Asian population, wearing a mask when unwell is a cultural norm and considered a part of each person’s collective responsibility for the common good – and doing so has been commonplace since the very beginning of coronavirus. Among non-Asians, many still view mask wearing with suspicion or as unnecessary.
“We had a conference with my Hong Kong University colleagues on Monday and they were all wearing masks while giving the talk,” says Peter Chin-Hong, an infectious disease expert at the University of California San Francisco. “And that was startling to the American docs here at UCSF because it’s not culturally normal here.”
Even as official response has lagged, Americans have been coming around to the idea of mask wearing, and some are also making their own masks. What began as a way to help overwhelmed health care workers has emerged as a cottage industry, with people comparing their favourite patterns online and masks becoming a popular gift, customised for friends and family members.
Sue Hogan is a retired doctor and also a quilter, and lives in northern California. She started making masks for friends working in undersupplied emergency rooms, then for the staff at her retirement home, and now for her loved ones.
“Many quilters started making them when several hospitals sent out emails to quilt guilds asking them to make cloth masks,” Hogan said. “Quilters always forward to other quilters, and many nurses are quilters. About 10 ladies who live here are making them now.”
She said she learned how to do it from YouTube. “They are very easy to make,” she said. “The first one took me about 20 minutes, now I’m down to about 15.”
Chin-Hong believes that masks have a place among the general population.
“Social distancing for the community is great but not everyone can control their environment – on the subway, the bus, at the cashier at supermarket,” he said, “so in those cases masks or other protection is crucial.”
What if you don’t want to deprive of your local hospital of a mask but you don’t know how to sew?
Chin-Hong says there are still options: “Masks don’t have to be all high grade out in the community. Home-made masks, bandanas, scarves are examples that work.”
Angell, the California public health director, reiterated that masks are just one safety element.
“The most important thing is physical distancing,” she said, “and when that’s done with additional face covering, you may indeed get additional protection.”
Source : https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3078201/coronavirus-us-starts-change-its-thinking-wearing-protective-masks
回主頁
(1) Coronavirus = 冠狀病毒
(2) mask = 口罩
(3) state = 州
(4) official guideline = 官方指引
(5) acknowledge = 確認
(6) contain the spread of = 遏止
(7) suspicion = 懷疑
(8) unnecessary = 多餘
(9) shift gears = 突然改變講法
(10) Guidance = 指引
(11) asymptomatic = 無症狀的
(12) transmission = 傳染
(13) reinforce = 加強
(14) physical distancing = 物理距離
(15) cautious = 謹慎
(16) reversal = 逆轉
(17) discourage = 不鼓勵
(18) medical-grade masks = 醫學級的口罩
(19) beleaguered = 陷入困境的
(20) a variety of materials = 不同的物料
(21) silk = 絲綢
(22) linen = 麻布
(23) substitute = 替代品
(24) safety measures = 安全措施
(25) folks = 鄉親
(26) Vitally = 至關重要的
(27) infectious particles = 傳染物質
(28) curb = 抑制
(29) cough = 咳嗽
(30) sneeze = 噴嚏
(31) symptoms = 症狀
(32) widespread = 廣泛
(33) tune = 論調
(34) forthcoming = 即將來臨
(35) essential = 必要的
(36) appointment = 約定
(37) grocery = 雜貨鋪
(38) pharmacy = 藥房
(39) urge = 敦促
(40) symptomatic = 有症狀的
(41) community = 社區
(42) false sense of security = 錯誤的安全感
(43) flout = 嘲笑
(44) at odds with = 不一致
(45) contention = 爭奪
(46) cultural norm = 文化規範
(47) collective responsibility = 集體責任
(48) startling = 吃驚的
(49) lagged = 落後
(50) overwhelmed = 不知所措的
(51) cottage industry = 手工業
(52) customised = 訂造
(53) quilter = 縫被子的人
(54) undersupply = 供不應求
(55) crucial = 關鍵
(56) deprive = 剝奪
(57) sew = 縫
(58) bandana = 頭巾
(59) scarve = 圍巾
###################################
Coronavirus: US starts to change its thinking on wearing protective masks - 3 Apr, 2020
California becomes the first state to offer official guidelines acknowledging that wearing a mask could help contain the spread of coronavirus
Many Americans have viewed face coverings with suspicion or as unnecessary
After months of saying that wearing a mask would not help the public avoid infection by the coronavirus, authorities across the United States are shifting gears.
On Wednesday evening, California became the first state to offer official guidelines acknowledging that wearing a mask could help contain the spread of coronavirus.
In its new “Face Coverings Guidance”, the state’s Department of Public Health said: “There may be a benefit to reducing asymptomatic transmission and reinforcing physical distancing from the use of face coverings. However, face coverings may increase risk if users reduce their use of strong defences, such as physical distancing and frequent hand washing, when using face coverings.”
While the language is cautious, the new advice marks a reversal for state officials. The guidelines still discourage the public from using medical-grade masks needed by beleaguered health care workers, but they do say the public can wear cloth face coverings “made of a variety of materials, such as cotton, silk or linen”
California Governor Gavin Newsom has warned, however, that face coverings were not a substitute for other safety measures.
“They are not a substitute for physical distancing. They are not a substitute for the stay-at-home order. They are not a call for folks to buy N95 masks and surgical masks, pulling them away from … our first responders,” he said on Wednesday.
Vitally, masks do not prevent the wearer from breathing in infectious particles, but they do help curb transmission when worn by infected people. According to the California health department: “Their primary role is to reduce the release of infectious particles into the air when someone speaks, coughs or sneezes, including someone who has Covid-19 but feels well.”
In light of findings by the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that as many as 25 per cent of those infected may not show symptoms of any kind, more widespread mask wearing among the general public could make a big difference in slowing the virus’ spread.
The official tune is changing not just in California but in Washington. CNN reported on Wednesday that most members of President Donald Trump’s coronavirus task force now agree that Americans should wear face coverings in public, and that formal guidance on the masks was likely forthcoming.
The Washington Post said the CDC was also considering changing its guidelines and will encourage everyone to wear face coverings in public.
On a local level, the official line on masks has also been changing. On Tuesday, Southern California’s Riverside County rolled out new guidelines “recommending residents cover their nose and mouth when leaving home for essential travel to doctor appointments, grocery shopping or pharmacy visits.”
Since the beginning of the outbreak, American officials and the CDC have urged private citizens not to use masks, saying they should only be worn if a person is symptomatic.
As recently as two weeks ago, US Surgeon General Jerome Adams wrote on Twitter: “Seriously people – STOP BUYING MASKS! They are NOT effective in preventing [the] general public from catching coronavirus, but if health care providers can’t get them to care for sick patients, it puts them and our communities at risk!”
But on Wednesday, Adams went on NBC’s Today show to say he was asking the CDC to investigate whether it should rethink its recommendation on public mask wearing.
Dr Sonia Angell, director of the California Department of Public Health, warned this week that masks would give people a false sense of security, leading them to flout social distancing restrictions. Still, she admitted that they could be an effective measure in preventing infection. “In short,” she said, “there might be some benefit to using these, but only when they’re used well.”
“There is some evidence that using face coverings may reduce asymptomatic infections,” said Angell, “simply decreasing the amount of infectious particles that go into the air when we cough, when we sneeze or particularly when we speak closely to other people.”
The World Health Organisation has continued to say that healthy people do not need to wear masks, although that view is at odds with government actions in many Asian countries.
On Wednesday, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said his government would send cloth masks to every household in Japan. In major Chinese cities like Beijing and Shanghai, mask wearing was made compulsory during the outbreak, and many businesses continue to refuse service to anyone not wearing facial protection.
The use of masks for private citizens has emerged as a point of contention not just between countries but also between different communities in the United States.
Among the East Asian population, wearing a mask when unwell is a cultural norm and considered a part of each person’s collective responsibility for the common good – and doing so has been commonplace since the very beginning of coronavirus. Among non-Asians, many still view mask wearing with suspicion or as unnecessary.
“We had a conference with my Hong Kong University colleagues on Monday and they were all wearing masks while giving the talk,” says Peter Chin-Hong, an infectious disease expert at the University of California San Francisco. “And that was startling to the American docs here at UCSF because it’s not culturally normal here.”
Even as official response has lagged, Americans have been coming around to the idea of mask wearing, and some are also making their own masks. What began as a way to help overwhelmed health care workers has emerged as a cottage industry, with people comparing their favourite patterns online and masks becoming a popular gift, customised for friends and family members.
Sue Hogan is a retired doctor and also a quilter, and lives in northern California. She started making masks for friends working in undersupplied emergency rooms, then for the staff at her retirement home, and now for her loved ones.
“Many quilters started making them when several hospitals sent out emails to quilt guilds asking them to make cloth masks,” Hogan said. “Quilters always forward to other quilters, and many nurses are quilters. About 10 ladies who live here are making them now.”
She said she learned how to do it from YouTube. “They are very easy to make,” she said. “The first one took me about 20 minutes, now I’m down to about 15.”
Chin-Hong believes that masks have a place among the general population.
“Social distancing for the community is great but not everyone can control their environment – on the subway, the bus, at the cashier at supermarket,” he said, “so in those cases masks or other protection is crucial.”
What if you don’t want to deprive of your local hospital of a mask but you don’t know how to sew?
Chin-Hong says there are still options: “Masks don’t have to be all high grade out in the community. Home-made masks, bandanas, scarves are examples that work.”
Angell, the California public health director, reiterated that masks are just one safety element.
“The most important thing is physical distancing,” she said, “and when that’s done with additional face covering, you may indeed get additional protection.”
Source : https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3078201/coronavirus-us-starts-change-its-thinking-wearing-protective-masks
回主頁
Newspaper Cutting - Main page
001 - Coronavirus: The Covid-19 outbreak has been declared a pandemic. But what does this mean?
002 - Scientists Witness the Death of a Solar System, and the Birth of Necroplanetology
003 - Animals in Thailand’s private parks at risk of hunger as coronavirus pandemic keeps tourists away
005 - Why global switch to renewable hydropower may be the answer to limiting climate change
006 - China’s factories work 24/7 to build medical ventilators for Milan, New York amid spreading global Covid-19 pandemic
007 - Coronavirus job losses 'way worse than anything we saw in the Great Depression:' Economist
008 - Coronavirus: Germany, France accuse Americans of mask ‘piracy’, dirty tricks
009 - Global cruise ship fleets lose US$4 billion in value as coronavirus pandemic idles industry, halving the number of vessels at sea
010 - Coronavirus: for Asia’s emerging economies, working from home is still a work in progress
001 - 010 - (Vocabulary List)
011 - World at risk of second Great Depression due to coronavirus, says Chinese central bank
012 - Falling through the cracks: Many Americans won't get coronavirus checks
012 - Coronavirus: German military asked to secure transport of face masks after US initially accused of ‘piracy’
014 - Tens of thousands prepare to leave Wuhan after spending two months in coronavirus lockdown
015 - Coronavirus: China foreign exchange reserves drop to 17-month low as market turmoil pushes up US dollar
016 - Need a break from coronavirus? Zoo Miami shared photos of cute baby clouded leopards
017 - Ancient string provides further evidence of Neanderthals talents
018 - 5G virus conspiracy theory fuelled by coordinated effort involving bot accounts, researchers say
019 - ‘An epidemic of hate’: Asian-American starts anti-racism campaign to counter abuse over coronavirus
011 - 020 - (Vocabulary List)
021 - Smithfield shutting U.S. pork plant indefinitely, warns of meat shortages during pandemic
022 - 'He basically declared himself King Trump': Cuomo warns of 'constitutional crisis' if Trump doesn't back down on reopening economy
023 - California detective died from the coronavirus after twice being denied test for virus: report
024 - Care Minister ‘laughs’ when asked about care home deaths by Piers Morgan
025 - China's 'artificial sun' runs at 100 million degrees for 10 seconds
026 - Two Chinese students assaulted and robbed during apparent racist attack in Melbourne
027 - Florida, South Carolina reopen beaches as states begin to loosen restrictions
2020年4月2日星期四
Newspaper Cutting 003 - Animals in Thailand’s private parks at risk of hunger as coronavirus pandemic keeps tourists away
Vocabulary :
(1) coronavirus pandemic = 冠狀病毒大流行
(2) outbreak = 爆發
(3) temporary closure = 臨時關閉
(4) recreational site = 娛樂場所
(5) serious setback = 嚴重挫折
(6) take selfies with = 與...自拍
(7) Thailand's Songkran festival = 泰國潑水節
(8) Ayutthaya Elephant Palace = 阿瑜陀耶 (旅遊景點)
(9) scooping up water = 兜起水
(10) trunks = 樹幹
(11) splashing it on = 潑濺
(12) ruins = 廢墟
(13) foraging for food = 覓食
(14) fields = 田
(15) emergency decree = 緊急法令
(16) mahouts = 馴象員
(17) elephant keepers = 大象飼養員
(18) carer = 照顧者
(19) hire out = 租出
(20) disrupt = 打亂
(21) habitat = 棲息地
(22) waged war = 發動戰爭
(23) deer = 鹿
(24) roam = 漫遊
(25) rely on = 依靠
(26) criticism = 批評
(27) intervention = 介入
(28) notably = 明顯地
(29) raid = 襲擊
(30) has temporarily closed = 臨時關閉
(31) founder = 創辨人
(32) entrance fees = 入場費
(33) buffalo = 水牛
(34) marmoset = 狨 (中南美洲熱帶雨林中的一種非常小的猴子)
(35) wildcats = 野貓
(36) skunk = 臭鼬
(37) papaya = 木瓜
(38) forage = 飼料
(39) meerkats = 貓鼬
(40) veterinary surgeons' advice = 獸醫的建議
(41) raw chickens = 生雞
(42) para grass grounds = 巴拉草草地
(43) elephant sanctuary = 大象避難所
(44) global travel restrictions = 全球旅遊限制
(45) donors = 捐贈者
(46) volunteers = 義工
(47) lodging = 住宿
(48) urgency = 緊急
(49) plea = 懇求
(50) drought and wildfires = 乾旱和野火
(51) sanctuary = 避難所
(52) stray = 流浪
(53) logging = 伐木
############################
Animals in Thailand’s private parks at risk of hunger as coronavirus pandemic keeps tourists away - 2 Apr, 2020
- The Covid-19 outbreak has led to the temporary closure of recreational sites in Thailand and a sharp fall in visitor numbers
- This is a serious setback as the parks rely on tourists who come to ride on elephants, take selfies with tigers, interact with animals and watch live shows
Every year during Thailand’s Songkran festival, about 75 elephants at Ayutthaya Elephant Palace and Royal Kraal entertain visitors by scooping up water with their trunks and splashing it on the crowds as part of the water fight the celebration is known for. The camp also draws tourists all year round for its elephant rides around the ruins of the old city of Ayutthaya.
But this year, the elephants will be foraging for food in fields near the Unesco World Heritage Site as the Thai New Year festival has been postponed and the coronavirus outbreak keeps tourists away.
Itthipan Kaolamai, the camp manager, said they shut before the government imposed an emergency decree on March 26 to close recreational sites, as visitor numbers had already dropped.
“We can only pay our staff their full salary for March but we will pay for half for April,” Itthipan said.
The Thai government said this week tourists from China, South Korea and Hong Kong were down by 84.9, 72.6 and 54.8 per cent respectively in February compared to last February.
Camp manager Itthipan said about 60 mahouts, or elephant keepers, will remain behind. “Elephants are bonded with their carers,” he said.
“We owned our elephants from the start, unlike other camps where they sometimes hire out elephants to work,” and they cannot let go of their elephants, he said.
The Covid-19 outbreak has disrupted animal habitats elsewhere. In March, monkeys living in a central town in Thailand waged war on one another due to heat and lack of food as fewer people gave them food. Deer in Nara, Japan, wandered the streets looking for food after the visitors that normally feed them snacks disappeared. And in many countries under lockdown, animals have come out to roam the streets.
The outbreak is a serious setback for many Thai parks that rely on tourists who come to ride on elephants, take selfies with tigers, interact with animals and watch live shows. Some of these parks have attracted criticism and even intervention, most notably the 2016 raid on the Tiger Temple in western Thailand in which over 100 tigers were removed.
Pattaya Elephant Village, opened in 1973, is another park that has temporarily closed. “Since last month, we have had no income. Some days we only had three visitors,” said Purimprud Chaiyakham, the founder’s daughter. The park needs at least 70,000-80,000 baht (US$2,100-2,400) per day from entrance fees and shows to feed thousands of animals ranging from elephants, buffaloes, marmosets, wildcats, and skunks to various types of birds.
Fortunately, its grounds are big enough to have mango, papaya and other kinds of fruit trees for animals like elephants to forage. Food for animals such as meerkats is prepared as per veterinary surgeons’ advice while wildcats are fed raw chickens. “Donations are welcome for their food,” said Purimprud.
Samphran Elephant Ground and Zoo, about an hour from Bangkok, feeds raw chickens to its 8,000 crocodiles, some of which are trained for shows. Marketing director Parita Vacharakul said the facility has its own para grass grounds for its 30 elephants. “We are closed but workers look after the animals the same,” she said.
In the northern city of Chiang Mai, an elephant sanctuary has found itself in financial difficulties as global travel restrictions mean foreign donors and volunteers, who pay for lodgings and other fees, cannot visit.
“I’m looking around at what I can sell, maybe my car,” said Saengduean “Lek” Chailert, 59, owner of Elephant Nature Park and founder of the Save Elephant Foundation.
There is a sense of urgency in Lek’s plea because Chiang Mai’s drought and wildfires mean the supply of sugar cane and banana trunks for elephants are scarce. There are over 80 elephants in the sanctuary, each of which consumes 300kg of food a day at a cost of 1,000 baht (US$30) each. Lek also looks after 98 buffaloes, 700 dogs and 800 cats that were previously stray.
Her sanctuary is one of the few places in Thailand where animals do not have to work in exchange for food. In the 1990s Lek began acquiring elephants that were used in logging or tourism.
“In the past, elephants stopped working when they died. Humans can always ask for help, but animals can’t do that so we have to help them,” she said.
Source : https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3078005/animals-thailands-private-parks-risk-hunger
回主頁
(1) coronavirus pandemic = 冠狀病毒大流行
(2) outbreak = 爆發
(3) temporary closure = 臨時關閉
(4) recreational site = 娛樂場所
(5) serious setback = 嚴重挫折
(6) take selfies with = 與...自拍
(7) Thailand's Songkran festival = 泰國潑水節
(8) Ayutthaya Elephant Palace = 阿瑜陀耶 (旅遊景點)
(9) scooping up water = 兜起水
(10) trunks = 樹幹
(11) splashing it on = 潑濺
(12) ruins = 廢墟
(13) foraging for food = 覓食
(14) fields = 田
(15) emergency decree = 緊急法令
(16) mahouts = 馴象員
(17) elephant keepers = 大象飼養員
(18) carer = 照顧者
(19) hire out = 租出
(20) disrupt = 打亂
(21) habitat = 棲息地
(22) waged war = 發動戰爭
(23) deer = 鹿
(24) roam = 漫遊
(25) rely on = 依靠
(26) criticism = 批評
(27) intervention = 介入
(28) notably = 明顯地
(29) raid = 襲擊
(30) has temporarily closed = 臨時關閉
(31) founder = 創辨人
(32) entrance fees = 入場費
(33) buffalo = 水牛
(34) marmoset = 狨 (中南美洲熱帶雨林中的一種非常小的猴子)
(35) wildcats = 野貓
(36) skunk = 臭鼬
(37) papaya = 木瓜
(38) forage = 飼料
(39) meerkats = 貓鼬
(40) veterinary surgeons' advice = 獸醫的建議
(41) raw chickens = 生雞
(42) para grass grounds = 巴拉草草地
(43) elephant sanctuary = 大象避難所
(44) global travel restrictions = 全球旅遊限制
(45) donors = 捐贈者
(46) volunteers = 義工
(47) lodging = 住宿
(48) urgency = 緊急
(49) plea = 懇求
(50) drought and wildfires = 乾旱和野火
(51) sanctuary = 避難所
(52) stray = 流浪
(53) logging = 伐木
############################
Animals in Thailand’s private parks at risk of hunger as coronavirus pandemic keeps tourists away - 2 Apr, 2020
- The Covid-19 outbreak has led to the temporary closure of recreational sites in Thailand and a sharp fall in visitor numbers
- This is a serious setback as the parks rely on tourists who come to ride on elephants, take selfies with tigers, interact with animals and watch live shows
Every year during Thailand’s Songkran festival, about 75 elephants at Ayutthaya Elephant Palace and Royal Kraal entertain visitors by scooping up water with their trunks and splashing it on the crowds as part of the water fight the celebration is known for. The camp also draws tourists all year round for its elephant rides around the ruins of the old city of Ayutthaya.
But this year, the elephants will be foraging for food in fields near the Unesco World Heritage Site as the Thai New Year festival has been postponed and the coronavirus outbreak keeps tourists away.
Itthipan Kaolamai, the camp manager, said they shut before the government imposed an emergency decree on March 26 to close recreational sites, as visitor numbers had already dropped.
“We can only pay our staff their full salary for March but we will pay for half for April,” Itthipan said.
The Thai government said this week tourists from China, South Korea and Hong Kong were down by 84.9, 72.6 and 54.8 per cent respectively in February compared to last February.
Camp manager Itthipan said about 60 mahouts, or elephant keepers, will remain behind. “Elephants are bonded with their carers,” he said.
“We owned our elephants from the start, unlike other camps where they sometimes hire out elephants to work,” and they cannot let go of their elephants, he said.
The Covid-19 outbreak has disrupted animal habitats elsewhere. In March, monkeys living in a central town in Thailand waged war on one another due to heat and lack of food as fewer people gave them food. Deer in Nara, Japan, wandered the streets looking for food after the visitors that normally feed them snacks disappeared. And in many countries under lockdown, animals have come out to roam the streets.
The outbreak is a serious setback for many Thai parks that rely on tourists who come to ride on elephants, take selfies with tigers, interact with animals and watch live shows. Some of these parks have attracted criticism and even intervention, most notably the 2016 raid on the Tiger Temple in western Thailand in which over 100 tigers were removed.
Pattaya Elephant Village, opened in 1973, is another park that has temporarily closed. “Since last month, we have had no income. Some days we only had three visitors,” said Purimprud Chaiyakham, the founder’s daughter. The park needs at least 70,000-80,000 baht (US$2,100-2,400) per day from entrance fees and shows to feed thousands of animals ranging from elephants, buffaloes, marmosets, wildcats, and skunks to various types of birds.
Fortunately, its grounds are big enough to have mango, papaya and other kinds of fruit trees for animals like elephants to forage. Food for animals such as meerkats is prepared as per veterinary surgeons’ advice while wildcats are fed raw chickens. “Donations are welcome for their food,” said Purimprud.
Samphran Elephant Ground and Zoo, about an hour from Bangkok, feeds raw chickens to its 8,000 crocodiles, some of which are trained for shows. Marketing director Parita Vacharakul said the facility has its own para grass grounds for its 30 elephants. “We are closed but workers look after the animals the same,” she said.
In the northern city of Chiang Mai, an elephant sanctuary has found itself in financial difficulties as global travel restrictions mean foreign donors and volunteers, who pay for lodgings and other fees, cannot visit.
“I’m looking around at what I can sell, maybe my car,” said Saengduean “Lek” Chailert, 59, owner of Elephant Nature Park and founder of the Save Elephant Foundation.
There is a sense of urgency in Lek’s plea because Chiang Mai’s drought and wildfires mean the supply of sugar cane and banana trunks for elephants are scarce. There are over 80 elephants in the sanctuary, each of which consumes 300kg of food a day at a cost of 1,000 baht (US$30) each. Lek also looks after 98 buffaloes, 700 dogs and 800 cats that were previously stray.
Her sanctuary is one of the few places in Thailand where animals do not have to work in exchange for food. In the 1990s Lek began acquiring elephants that were used in logging or tourism.
“In the past, elephants stopped working when they died. Humans can always ask for help, but animals can’t do that so we have to help them,” she said.
Source : https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3078005/animals-thailands-private-parks-risk-hunger
回主頁
Newspaper Cutting 002 - Scientists Witness the Death of a Solar System, and the Birth of Necroplanetology
Vocabulary:
(1) Scientist = 科學家
(2) Witness = 見證
(3) Solar System = 太陽系
(4) Necro = 壞死
(5) planetology = 行星學
(6) Astronomer = 天文學家
(7) coin (v) = to invent a new word or expression, or to use a particular way for the first time.
(8) white dwarf star = 白矮星
(9) light-year = 光年
(10) devouring = 吞食
(11) Greek = 希臘的
(12) dimming = 變暗淡
(13) irregular rate = 不規則的速度
(14) inspection = 檢查
(15) realized = 實現
(16) tidal disruption = 潮汐瓦解
(17) corpse = 屍體
(18) Pre-print = 預印本 (研究成果但未正式出版)
(19) Astrophysical journal = 天文物理期刊
(20) gobble something up = 狼吞虎嚥
(21) supernova = 超新星
(22) black dwaft = 黑矮星
(23) clue = 線索
(24) litter = 扔(垃圾)
(25) exoplanet = 系外行星
(26) doom = 厄運
(27) computer simulation = 電腦模擬
(28) endure = 忍受
(29) mantle = 斗篷
(30) asteriods = 小行星
(31) withstand = 抵擋
(32) disruption = 破壞
(33) disintegrate = 瓦解
(34) appetite = 胃口
(35) thriving = 興旺
#######################################
Scientists Witness the Death of a Solar System, and the Birth of Necroplanetology - 1 Apr, 2020
From Popular Mechanics
- Astronomers have coined a strange new field of science: necroplanetology.
- At the end of their lives, white dwarf stars grow in size, swallowing everything in their system.
- Researchers have observed 21 other stars that exhibit planet-gobbling traits.
Five years ago, astronomers caught a lone white dwarf star, 570 light-years away from Earth, devouring its young like the Greek titan Cronus. They noticed that WD 1145+017 was dimming at an irregular rate, and after closer inspection, realized that the star was devouring the planets in its solar system through a process called tidal disruption.
The discovery marks the beginning of a brand new field of science: Necroplanetology. Slap the Latinized Greek root nekros, meaning "dead," "corpse" and "dead tissue," in front of planetology, the study of planets.
An international team of researchers from Wesleyan University in Connecticut, the University of Colorado, Boulder, and Warwick University in the U.K. first published the findings on the pre-print website arXiv in 2015. It has now been accepted to the Astrophysical Journal for review. They say the discovery could help us understand how planets in different systems get gobbled up by their parent star.
Right before either going supernova or turning into a black dwarf, dying stars turn into white dwarves. Eventually so will our sun, but not for about six billion years. The atmospheres of these stars usually contain lighter elements such as helium and hydrogen. Several important details clued the researchers in on the discovery. First, the team realized that the dimming occurred repeatedly, ever 4.5 to five hours. Second, they discovered that the star's atmosphere was littered with elements typically found in the cores of rocky exoplanets—heavy elements like iron, oxygen and magnesium.
To figure out how these planets met their doom, the researchers created a series of computer simulations that mapped how 36 different types of planets would have endured these conditions. For each of the 36 planetary bodies they created, they set the orbital period to about 4.5 hours and let the simulation run 100 times.
The results showed that rocky bodies with a tiny core and low-density mantle were the most likely to produce the observations they saw. These high-density planets, similar to rocky asteroids like Vesta, are tough enough to withstand the bulk of the disruption, but weak enough to disintegrate within a short period of time. WD 1145+017 isn't the only star with a massive appetite. Astronomers have since observed 21 stars who have been caught dimming in a similar way. Despite its name, the field of necroplanetology is thriving.
Source: https://us.yahoo.com/news/scientists-witness-death-solar-system-151300700.html
(1) Scientist = 科學家
(2) Witness = 見證
(3) Solar System = 太陽系
(4) Necro = 壞死
(5) planetology = 行星學
(6) Astronomer = 天文學家
(7) coin (v) = to invent a new word or expression, or to use a particular way for the first time.
(8) white dwarf star = 白矮星
(9) light-year = 光年
(10) devouring = 吞食
(11) Greek = 希臘的
(12) dimming = 變暗淡
(13) irregular rate = 不規則的速度
(14) inspection = 檢查
(15) realized = 實現
(16) tidal disruption = 潮汐瓦解
(17) corpse = 屍體
(18) Pre-print = 預印本 (研究成果但未正式出版)
(19) Astrophysical journal = 天文物理期刊
(20) gobble something up = 狼吞虎嚥
(21) supernova = 超新星
(22) black dwaft = 黑矮星
(23) clue = 線索
(24) litter = 扔(垃圾)
(25) exoplanet = 系外行星
(26) doom = 厄運
(27) computer simulation = 電腦模擬
(28) endure = 忍受
(29) mantle = 斗篷
(30) asteriods = 小行星
(31) withstand = 抵擋
(32) disruption = 破壞
(33) disintegrate = 瓦解
(34) appetite = 胃口
(35) thriving = 興旺
#######################################
Scientists Witness the Death of a Solar System, and the Birth of Necroplanetology - 1 Apr, 2020
From Popular Mechanics
- Astronomers have coined a strange new field of science: necroplanetology.
- At the end of their lives, white dwarf stars grow in size, swallowing everything in their system.
- Researchers have observed 21 other stars that exhibit planet-gobbling traits.
Five years ago, astronomers caught a lone white dwarf star, 570 light-years away from Earth, devouring its young like the Greek titan Cronus. They noticed that WD 1145+017 was dimming at an irregular rate, and after closer inspection, realized that the star was devouring the planets in its solar system through a process called tidal disruption.
The discovery marks the beginning of a brand new field of science: Necroplanetology. Slap the Latinized Greek root nekros, meaning "dead," "corpse" and "dead tissue," in front of planetology, the study of planets.
An international team of researchers from Wesleyan University in Connecticut, the University of Colorado, Boulder, and Warwick University in the U.K. first published the findings on the pre-print website arXiv in 2015. It has now been accepted to the Astrophysical Journal for review. They say the discovery could help us understand how planets in different systems get gobbled up by their parent star.
Right before either going supernova or turning into a black dwarf, dying stars turn into white dwarves. Eventually so will our sun, but not for about six billion years. The atmospheres of these stars usually contain lighter elements such as helium and hydrogen. Several important details clued the researchers in on the discovery. First, the team realized that the dimming occurred repeatedly, ever 4.5 to five hours. Second, they discovered that the star's atmosphere was littered with elements typically found in the cores of rocky exoplanets—heavy elements like iron, oxygen and magnesium.
To figure out how these planets met their doom, the researchers created a series of computer simulations that mapped how 36 different types of planets would have endured these conditions. For each of the 36 planetary bodies they created, they set the orbital period to about 4.5 hours and let the simulation run 100 times.
The results showed that rocky bodies with a tiny core and low-density mantle were the most likely to produce the observations they saw. These high-density planets, similar to rocky asteroids like Vesta, are tough enough to withstand the bulk of the disruption, but weak enough to disintegrate within a short period of time. WD 1145+017 isn't the only star with a massive appetite. Astronomers have since observed 21 stars who have been caught dimming in a similar way. Despite its name, the field of necroplanetology is thriving.
Source: https://us.yahoo.com/news/scientists-witness-death-solar-system-151300700.html
2020年4月1日星期三
Newspaper Cutting 001 - Coronavirus: The Covid-19 outbreak has been declared a pandemic. But what does this mean?
Vocabulary:
(1) Coronavirus = 冠狀病毒
(2) outbreak = 爆發
(3) has been declared = 被宣布
(4) pandemic = 大流行
(5) immunity = 免疫
(6) spread = 傳播
(7) beyond expectations = 出乎意料
(8) geographical = 地域性
(9) declare = 宣布
(10) threshold = 門檻
(11) ultimate decision = 最後決定
(12) second wave = 第二波
(13) community = 社區
(14) epidemic = 流行性
(15) protocols = 協議
(16) hygiene = 衛生
(17) frequent handwashing = 勤洗手
(18) maintaining a safe distance from people = 與人保持安全距離
##########################################
Coronavirus: The Covid-19 outbreak has been declared a pandemic. But what does this mean?
The World Health Organisation announced the decision on Wednesday - 12 Mar, 2020
What is a pandemic?
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has declared the Covid-19 outbreak a pandemic. But what exactly does this mean?
According to WHO, a pandemic is declared when a new disease, for which people do not have immunity, spreads across the world beyond expectations, and causes illness in humans. It has nothing to do with changes to characteristics of the disease, but is instead associated with its geographical spread.
When does it get declared?
The WHO decides if, and when, to declare the spread of an illness a pandemic. While there is no threshold – that includes the number of deaths, infections and countries affected – that needs to be met, the ultimate decision is up to the organisation.
Cases that involve travellers infected in a foreign country, who have returned home and passed it onto other individuals, do not count towards declaring a pandemic. In order for a pandemic to be declared, there must be a second wave of infection from person to person throughout the community.
An epidemic, on the other hand, is a sudden increase in cases of an illness or disease that can be unique to one country or community.
What next?
The WHO has stressed that using the word “pandemic” does not signal any change in how to treat the Covid-19 virus. Countries must still follow strict protocols and we should continue to practice safe hygiene, including frequent handwashing and maintaining a safe distance from people.
Source : https://yp.scmp.com/news/international/article/115938/coronavirus-covid-19-outbreak-has-been-declared-pandemic-what-does
(1) Coronavirus = 冠狀病毒
(2) outbreak = 爆發
(3) has been declared = 被宣布
(4) pandemic = 大流行
(5) immunity = 免疫
(6) spread = 傳播
(7) beyond expectations = 出乎意料
(8) geographical = 地域性
(9) declare = 宣布
(10) threshold = 門檻
(11) ultimate decision = 最後決定
(12) second wave = 第二波
(13) community = 社區
(14) epidemic = 流行性
(15) protocols = 協議
(16) hygiene = 衛生
(17) frequent handwashing = 勤洗手
(18) maintaining a safe distance from people = 與人保持安全距離
##########################################
Coronavirus: The Covid-19 outbreak has been declared a pandemic. But what does this mean?
The World Health Organisation announced the decision on Wednesday - 12 Mar, 2020
What is a pandemic?
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has declared the Covid-19 outbreak a pandemic. But what exactly does this mean?
According to WHO, a pandemic is declared when a new disease, for which people do not have immunity, spreads across the world beyond expectations, and causes illness in humans. It has nothing to do with changes to characteristics of the disease, but is instead associated with its geographical spread.
When does it get declared?
The WHO decides if, and when, to declare the spread of an illness a pandemic. While there is no threshold – that includes the number of deaths, infections and countries affected – that needs to be met, the ultimate decision is up to the organisation.
Cases that involve travellers infected in a foreign country, who have returned home and passed it onto other individuals, do not count towards declaring a pandemic. In order for a pandemic to be declared, there must be a second wave of infection from person to person throughout the community.
An epidemic, on the other hand, is a sudden increase in cases of an illness or disease that can be unique to one country or community.
What next?
The WHO has stressed that using the word “pandemic” does not signal any change in how to treat the Covid-19 virus. Countries must still follow strict protocols and we should continue to practice safe hygiene, including frequent handwashing and maintaining a safe distance from people.
Source : https://yp.scmp.com/news/international/article/115938/coronavirus-covid-19-outbreak-has-been-declared-pandemic-what-does
2020年3月6日星期五
生命簡史 古生物放置攻略 - 進化
寒武紀 (Cambrian)︰
(1) 藻類 (Algae) ︰
藻類是一類能進行產氧性光合作用的生物，常見的有綠藻和藍藻。
Algae are a kind of organisms that can carry out oxygen-producing photosynthesis. The common ones are green algae and cyanobacteria.
(2) 有絲分裂 (Mitotic division)︰
有絲分裂是一種真核細胞分裂產生體細胞的過程。
Mitotic division is a process in which eukaryotic cells divide into somatic cells.
(3) 葉綠體 (Chloroplast)︰
葉綠體是進行光合作用的細胞器。
Chloroplast is an organelle for photosynthesis.
(4) 二氧化碳 (Carbon dioxide)︰
二氧化碳是大氣組成的一部分，是光合作用必需的原料。
Carbon dioxide is a part of the atmosphere and a necessary raw material for photosynthesis.
(5) 光合作用 (Photosynthesis)︰
光合作用是植物吸收光能，把二氧化碳和水合成為有機物和氧的過程。
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants absorb light energy and synthesize carbon dioxide and water into organic matter and oxygen.
奧陶紀 (Ordovician)︰
(1) 脊椎 (Vertebral)︰
脊柱保護脊髓，是生物進化的支柱。
The spine protects the spinal cord and is the backbone of biological evolution.
(2) 骨骼 (Skeleton)︰
骨骼是組成脊椎動物內骨骼的堅硬器官，功能是運動、支持和保護身體。
Bone is a hard organ that makes up the vertebrate bones, the function is to exercise, support and protect the body.
(3) 組織 (Tissue)︰
組織由許多形態相似的細胞及細胞間質所組成。
Tissue consists of many similar morphologically cells and interstitial cells.
(4) 肌肉 (Muscle)︰
肌肉收縮牽引骨骼而產生關節的運動。
Muscle contraction pulls the skeleton and produces joint movement.
(5) 游泳 (Swim)︰
游泳行為使許多生物體能夠從一個地方移動到另一個地方。
Swimming enables many organisms to move from one place to another.
(6) 捕食 (Predation)︰
捕食是指某種生物吃另一種生物。
Predator means that one creature eats another.
志留紀 (Silurian)︰
(1) 頜 (Jaw)︰
頜促進了運動和感覺等器官的發展，帶動了動物體制結構的全面進化。
The jaw promotes the development of organs such as motion and sensation, and promotes the overall evolution of animal system and structure.
(2) 鰭 (Fin)︰
鰭在魚類和某些其他水生動物中起著推進、平衡及導向的作用。
The fins act as propelling, balancing, and guiding in fish and certain other aquatic objects.
(3) 鰓 (Gill)︰
鰓是多數水生動物的呼吸器官，用來吸收溶解在水中的氧。
Gills are the respiratory organs of most aquatic animals and are used to absorb dissolved oxygen in water.
(4) 頜骨 (Maxilla)︰
頜骨的出現使脊推動物能夠主動、有效地捕食。
The appearance of maxilla enables vertebrates to hunt actively and efficiently.
(5) 撕咬 (Bite)︰
通過撕咬捕食獵物，能有效地完成能量的轉換。
Energy conversion can be accomplished effectively by biting and catching prey.
泥盆紀 (Devonian)︰
(1) 裸蕨植物 (Psilophyton)︰
裸蕨植物體型矮小，結構簡單，因無葉而得此名。
Psilophyton is short and simple. It is named for its leaflessness.
(2) 擬根莖 (Periderm)︰
裸蕨植物無真正的根、莖、葉的分化，僅有地下生的擬根莖。
The bare fern plants have no true roots, stems and leaves, and only the underground rhizomes.
(3) 假根 (Rhizoid)︰
假根生於植物體的下面或基部，具有固著植物體和微弱的吸收功能。
Rhizoid is born under or at the base of the plant and has a fixed plant body and a weak absorption function.
(4) 維管組織 (Vascular tissue)︰
維管組織是由木質部和韌皮部組成的輪導水分和營養物質的植物組織。
Vascular tissue is a plant tissue consisting of xylem and phloem that transports water and nutrients.
(5) 維管系統 (Vascular tissue system)︰
維管系統使水分、礦物質和有機養料能夠在植物體內快速運輸和分配。
The vascular tissue system enables the rapid transport and distribution of moisture, minerals and organic nutrients in plants.
(6) 莖軸 (Caulom)︰
莖軸是原始維管植物最先出現的器官，並且能代行光合作用。
Caulom is the first organ of the original vascular plant and can be used for photosynthesis.
石炭紀 (Carboniferous)︰
(1) 卵生 (Oviparity)︰
卵生是指動物的受精卵在母體外獨立發育的過程。
Oviparity refers to the process in which the fertilized eggs of animals grow independently in vitro.
(2) 受精卵 (Zygote)︰
受精卵指的是精卵相會後形成的單細胞，這個過程就是受精的過程。
Zygote refers to the single cell formed after the sperm and egg meets. This process is the process of fertilization.
(3) 獨立發育 (Grow independently)︰
卵生動物的受精卵在母體外進行獨立發育。
The zygote of oviparous animals grow independently outside the maternal body.
(4) 兩棲 (Amphibian)︰
兩棲的意思是能在水中與陸上生活或活動。
Amphibious means being able to live in water and on land both.
(5) 變溫 (Poikilotherm)︰
變溫動物的體內沒有自身調節體溫的機制，俗稱冷血動物。
Poikilotherm does not have its own mechanism of regulating body temperature, commonly known as a cold-blooded animal.
二疊紀 (Permian)︰
(1) 真蕨植物 (Pteridophyta)︰
真蕨植物具明顯的根、莖、葉和複雜的維管系統的分化。
Pteridophyta has distinct differentiation of roots, stems, leaves and complex vascular systems.
(2) 葉 (Leaf)︰
葉的功能是進行光合作用合成有機物，並有蒸騰作用。
The function of the leaves is to synthesize organic matter for photosynthesis and to have transpiration.
(3) 羽狀複葉 (Pteridophyta)︰
羽狀複葉是共同的葉柄或葉軸上著生若干小葉的葉。
A pinnate compound leaf is leaf-bearing several leaflets on a common petiole or axis.
(4) 根 (Root)︰
根是植物的營養器官，負責吸收土壤裡面的水分及溶解其中的無機鹽。
The root is the vegetative organ of the plant, responsible for absorbing the moisture in the soil and dissolving the inorganic salts therein.
(5) 莖 (Stems)︰
莖具有輸導營養物質和水分以及支持葉、花和果實在一定空間的作用。
Stems have the function of transporting nutrients and water and supporting leaves, flowers and fruits in a certain space.
(6) 疏導系統 (Conducting system)︰
維管束是由不同組織組成的束狀結構，在植物體中構成複雜的輸導系統。
Vascular bundles are bundles of different tissues, which constitute complex transport systems in plants.
三疊紀 (Triassic)︰
(1) 裸子植物 (Gymnospermae)︰
裸子植物為多年生木本植物，大多為單軸分枝的高大喬木。
Gymnospermae is potential woody plants, mostly uniaxially branched tall trees.
(2) 單軸分枝 (Monopodial branching)︰
單軸分枝是指主葉形成一個直立、粗壯的主幹，而各級側枝較不發達。
Monopodial branching refers to the formation of an erect and strong main stem from the main stem, while the lateral branches at all levels are less developed.
(3) 種子 (Seed)︰
種子由胚珠經過傳粉受精形成，是種子植物持有的繁殖器官。
Seeds are formed by pollination and fertilization of ovules and are unique reproductive organs of seed plants.
(4) 胚珠 (Ovule)︰
胚珠為子房內的卵形小體，是種子的前體，為受精後發育成種子的結構。
The ovule is an ovate body in the ovary and is a precursor of the seed. It is a structure that develops into a seed after fertilization.
(5) 木質部 (Xylem)︰
木質部負責將根吸收的水分及溶解於水里面的離子往上運輸。
The xylem is responsible for transporting the water absorbed by the roots and the ions dissolved in the water.
(6) 管胞 (Tracheid)︰
管胞是裸子植物的主要輸水機構。
The tracheid is the main water delivery mechanism for gymnosperms.
侏羅紀早期 (Early Jurassic)︰
(1) 肺 (Lung)︰
肺作為呼吸器官使四足動物能夠長久在陸地上生存。
The lungs act as a respiratory organ to enable the quadruped to survive on land for a long time.
(2) 呼吸 (Respiration)︰
呼吸是指機體與外界環境之間氣體交換的過程。
Respiration is the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment.
(3) 氣體交換 (Gas exchange)︰
氣體交換指吸入的氧氣和呼出的二氧化碳在體內進行交換的過程。
Gas exchange refers to the exchange of oxygen inhaled and carbon dioxide exhaled in the body.
(4) 肺泡 (Alveolus)︰
肺泡是肺部氣體交換的主要部位。
The alveoli are the main sites of air exchange in the lungs.
(5) 氣囊 (Air sac)︰
氣囊是鳥類的一種呼吸器官，部分蜥腳類恐龍的體內也有氣囊。
Air sacs were a type of breathing organ in birds, and some sauropod dinosaurs also had air sacs in their bodies.
侏羅紀晚期 (Late Jurassic)︰
(1) 四肢 (Four Limbs)︰
四肢來源於鰭，這標誌著生命走上陸地。
Four limbs are derived from the fins, which marks the life walk to the land.
(2) 鱗片 (Scale armour)︰
鱗片是一些動物皮膚表面衍生的硬薄片狀結構，有保護作用。
Scales armour are hard, lamellar structures derived from the surface of the skin of some animals and have protective effects.
(3) 爬行 (Crawl)︰
爬行動物體溫不恒定，是真正適應陸棲生活的變溫脊椎動物。
Reptiles are not constant in body temperature, they are the variable temperature vertebrates that really adapt to terrestrial life.
(4) 羊膜 (Aminon)︰
羊膜是單層上皮細胞互相連接構成的薄膜。
Amnion is a membrane in which monolayer epithelial cells are connected to each other.
(5) 冬眠 (Hibernation)︰
冬眠是動物對冬季外界不良環境條件的一種適應。
Hibernation is an adaptation of animals to the adverse external environmental conditions in winter.
白堊紀早期 (Early Cretaceous)︰
(1) 鳥臀 (Ornithischia)︰
鳥臀目是一類有喙的草食性恐龍，與鳥類相似的骨盆結構。
Ornithischia is a kind of herbivorous dinosaur with beak, which has a pelvic structure similar to birds.
(2) 骨盆四射型 (Pelvic four-shot shape)︰
鳥臀目恐龍的腰帶，骨盆從側面看是四射型，腸骨前都大大擴張。
The waist and pelvic of the Ornithischia looks like four-shot shape from the side, and the intestinal bones are greatly expanded both front and back.
(3) 四足步態 (Four gait)︰
鳥臀類恐龍除一些早期類群外，都是四足行走，並且全都是吃植物的。
Except for some early groups, ornithisaurs walked on all fours and ate plants.
(4) 防禦結構 (Defensive structure)︰
為了抵禦肉食性恐龍的攻擊，鳥臀類恐龍發育出了多種多樣的防禦結構。
Bird-buttock dinosaurs developed a variety of defensive structures to defend themselves against the attacks of carnivorous dinosaurs.
(5) 植食性 (Herbivory)︰
植食性是指動物以植物為食的現象。
Herbivory refers to the phenomenon in which animals feed on plants.
(6) 喙 (Beak)︰
大多數鳥臀類恐龍都有喙，方便撕裂植物。
Most bird-buttock dinosaurs have beaks that allow them to rip through plants.
白堊紀中期 (Middle Cretaceous)︰
(1) 蜥臀 (Saurischia)︰
蜥臀恐龍的腰帶從側面看是三射形，結構與蜥蜴類相似。
The Waist of the Saurischia looks as triradial shap form the side, which has a pelvic structure similar to lizard.
(2) 骨盆三射型 (Pelvic three-shot shape)︰
蜥臀目恐龍的腰帶，骨盆從側面看是三射型，髂骨背向延伸。
The waist and pelvic of the Scuischia looks like three-shot shape from the side, and the humerus extends backward.
(3) 獸腳 (Theropoda)︰
獸腳亞目大多數都是肉食性恐龍，兩足行走，趾端長有銳利的爪子。
Theropods were mostly carnivorous dinosaurs that walked on two legs and had sharp claws on their toes.
(4) 蜥腳 (Sauropoda)︰
蜥腳亞目四足行走的素食性巨型恐龍，牙齒呈小匙狀，頸及尾均長。
A large, vegetarian, four-footed sauropod with spoonlike teeth and a long neck and tail.
(5) 肉食性 (Carnivory)︰
肉食性是指動物以肉類為食的現象。
Carnivory refers to the phenomenon that animals feed on meat.
白堊紀晚期 (Late Cretaceous)︰
(1) 被子植物 (Angiospermae)︰
被子植物種類最多、分佈最廣、適應性最強、也叫開花植物。
Angiospermae have the largest variety, the widest distribution, and the strongest adaptability, also known as flowering plants.
(2) 雙受精 (Double fertilization)︰
被子植物雙受精後由合子發育成胚，中央細胞發育成胚乳。
After the double fertilization of the angiosperm, the zygote develops into an embryo, and the central cell develops into an endosperm.
(3) 雌蕊 (Gynoecium)︰
雌蕊的柱頭粘附花粉，花粉穿過雌蕊到達子房與卵子結合，並發育成種子。
After pollen grains land on the stigma, a pollen tube grows from the pollen grain, through the style, and into the ovary. After fertilization occurs, each ovule develops into a seed.
(4) 雄蕊 (Androecium)︰
雄蕊是被子植物花的雄性生殖器，其作用是產生花粉。
Androecium is the male genital organ of angiosperm flowers, which can produce pollen.
(5) 花冠 (Corolla)︰
花冠在花開放以前保護花的內部結構，花開放以後招引昆蟲前來傳粉。
The corolla protects the internal structure of the flower before it opens and invites insects to pollinate after it opens.
(6) 花萼 (Calyx)︰
花萼包在花蕾外面，起保護花蕾的作用。
Calyx wraps outside the bud to protect it.
第三紀 (Tertiary)︰
(1) 哺乳 (Mammal)︰
哺乳動物是全身被毛、運動快速、恆溫胎生、體內有膈的脊椎動物。
Mammals are vertebrates with hairs all over the body, fast movement, constant temperature and diaphragm.
(2) 恆溫 (Thermostatic)︰
恆溫動物能在環境溫度變化的情況下保持體溫的相對穩定。
Thermostatic animals can keep their body temperature relatively stable when the ambient temperature changes.
(3) 胎生 (Viviparous)︰
胎生是動物的受精卵在雌性動物體內的子宮裡發育成熟並生產的過程。
Viviparous is the process by which a zygote of an animal matures and is produced in the uterus of a female animal.
(4) 神經系統 (Nervous system)︰
神經系統是機體內對生理功能活動的調節起主導作用的系統。
The nervous system is a system that plays a leading role in regulating physiological activities in the body.
(5) 適應環境 (Environmentalaspect)︰
當中生代末地殼運動加劇，環境發生重大改變時，哺乳動物顯示了很強的競爭能力。
When the crustal movement intensified at the end of the Mesozoic and the environment changed significantly, mammals showed a strong ability to compete.
資料來源︰生命簡史 古生物放置 遊戲的資料
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(1) 藻類 (Algae) ︰
藻類是一類能進行產氧性光合作用的生物，常見的有綠藻和藍藻。
Algae are a kind of organisms that can carry out oxygen-producing photosynthesis. The common ones are green algae and cyanobacteria.
(2) 有絲分裂 (Mitotic division)︰
有絲分裂是一種真核細胞分裂產生體細胞的過程。
Mitotic division is a process in which eukaryotic cells divide into somatic cells.
(3) 葉綠體 (Chloroplast)︰
葉綠體是進行光合作用的細胞器。
Chloroplast is an organelle for photosynthesis.
(4) 二氧化碳 (Carbon dioxide)︰
二氧化碳是大氣組成的一部分，是光合作用必需的原料。
Carbon dioxide is a part of the atmosphere and a necessary raw material for photosynthesis.
(5) 光合作用 (Photosynthesis)︰
光合作用是植物吸收光能，把二氧化碳和水合成為有機物和氧的過程。
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants absorb light energy and synthesize carbon dioxide and water into organic matter and oxygen.
奧陶紀 (Ordovician)︰
(1) 脊椎 (Vertebral)︰
脊柱保護脊髓，是生物進化的支柱。
The spine protects the spinal cord and is the backbone of biological evolution.
(2) 骨骼 (Skeleton)︰
骨骼是組成脊椎動物內骨骼的堅硬器官，功能是運動、支持和保護身體。
Bone is a hard organ that makes up the vertebrate bones, the function is to exercise, support and protect the body.
(3) 組織 (Tissue)︰
組織由許多形態相似的細胞及細胞間質所組成。
Tissue consists of many similar morphologically cells and interstitial cells.
(4) 肌肉 (Muscle)︰
肌肉收縮牽引骨骼而產生關節的運動。
Muscle contraction pulls the skeleton and produces joint movement.
(5) 游泳 (Swim)︰
游泳行為使許多生物體能夠從一個地方移動到另一個地方。
Swimming enables many organisms to move from one place to another.
(6) 捕食 (Predation)︰
捕食是指某種生物吃另一種生物。
Predator means that one creature eats another.
志留紀 (Silurian)︰
(1) 頜 (Jaw)︰
頜促進了運動和感覺等器官的發展，帶動了動物體制結構的全面進化。
The jaw promotes the development of organs such as motion and sensation, and promotes the overall evolution of animal system and structure.
(2) 鰭 (Fin)︰
鰭在魚類和某些其他水生動物中起著推進、平衡及導向的作用。
The fins act as propelling, balancing, and guiding in fish and certain other aquatic objects.
(3) 鰓 (Gill)︰
鰓是多數水生動物的呼吸器官，用來吸收溶解在水中的氧。
Gills are the respiratory organs of most aquatic animals and are used to absorb dissolved oxygen in water.
(4) 頜骨 (Maxilla)︰
頜骨的出現使脊推動物能夠主動、有效地捕食。
The appearance of maxilla enables vertebrates to hunt actively and efficiently.
(5) 撕咬 (Bite)︰
通過撕咬捕食獵物，能有效地完成能量的轉換。
Energy conversion can be accomplished effectively by biting and catching prey.
泥盆紀 (Devonian)︰
(1) 裸蕨植物 (Psilophyton)︰
裸蕨植物體型矮小，結構簡單，因無葉而得此名。
Psilophyton is short and simple. It is named for its leaflessness.
(2) 擬根莖 (Periderm)︰
裸蕨植物無真正的根、莖、葉的分化，僅有地下生的擬根莖。
The bare fern plants have no true roots, stems and leaves, and only the underground rhizomes.
(3) 假根 (Rhizoid)︰
假根生於植物體的下面或基部，具有固著植物體和微弱的吸收功能。
Rhizoid is born under or at the base of the plant and has a fixed plant body and a weak absorption function.
(4) 維管組織 (Vascular tissue)︰
維管組織是由木質部和韌皮部組成的輪導水分和營養物質的植物組織。
Vascular tissue is a plant tissue consisting of xylem and phloem that transports water and nutrients.
(5) 維管系統 (Vascular tissue system)︰
維管系統使水分、礦物質和有機養料能夠在植物體內快速運輸和分配。
The vascular tissue system enables the rapid transport and distribution of moisture, minerals and organic nutrients in plants.
(6) 莖軸 (Caulom)︰
莖軸是原始維管植物最先出現的器官，並且能代行光合作用。
Caulom is the first organ of the original vascular plant and can be used for photosynthesis.
石炭紀 (Carboniferous)︰
(1) 卵生 (Oviparity)︰
卵生是指動物的受精卵在母體外獨立發育的過程。
Oviparity refers to the process in which the fertilized eggs of animals grow independently in vitro.
(2) 受精卵 (Zygote)︰
受精卵指的是精卵相會後形成的單細胞，這個過程就是受精的過程。
Zygote refers to the single cell formed after the sperm and egg meets. This process is the process of fertilization.
(3) 獨立發育 (Grow independently)︰
卵生動物的受精卵在母體外進行獨立發育。
The zygote of oviparous animals grow independently outside the maternal body.
(4) 兩棲 (Amphibian)︰
兩棲的意思是能在水中與陸上生活或活動。
Amphibious means being able to live in water and on land both.
(5) 變溫 (Poikilotherm)︰
變溫動物的體內沒有自身調節體溫的機制，俗稱冷血動物。
Poikilotherm does not have its own mechanism of regulating body temperature, commonly known as a cold-blooded animal.
二疊紀 (Permian)︰
(1) 真蕨植物 (Pteridophyta)︰
真蕨植物具明顯的根、莖、葉和複雜的維管系統的分化。
Pteridophyta has distinct differentiation of roots, stems, leaves and complex vascular systems.
(2) 葉 (Leaf)︰
葉的功能是進行光合作用合成有機物，並有蒸騰作用。
The function of the leaves is to synthesize organic matter for photosynthesis and to have transpiration.
(3) 羽狀複葉 (Pteridophyta)︰
羽狀複葉是共同的葉柄或葉軸上著生若干小葉的葉。
A pinnate compound leaf is leaf-bearing several leaflets on a common petiole or axis.
(4) 根 (Root)︰
根是植物的營養器官，負責吸收土壤裡面的水分及溶解其中的無機鹽。
The root is the vegetative organ of the plant, responsible for absorbing the moisture in the soil and dissolving the inorganic salts therein.
(5) 莖 (Stems)︰
莖具有輸導營養物質和水分以及支持葉、花和果實在一定空間的作用。
Stems have the function of transporting nutrients and water and supporting leaves, flowers and fruits in a certain space.
(6) 疏導系統 (Conducting system)︰
維管束是由不同組織組成的束狀結構，在植物體中構成複雜的輸導系統。
Vascular bundles are bundles of different tissues, which constitute complex transport systems in plants.
三疊紀 (Triassic)︰
(1) 裸子植物 (Gymnospermae)︰
裸子植物為多年生木本植物，大多為單軸分枝的高大喬木。
Gymnospermae is potential woody plants, mostly uniaxially branched tall trees.
(2) 單軸分枝 (Monopodial branching)︰
單軸分枝是指主葉形成一個直立、粗壯的主幹，而各級側枝較不發達。
Monopodial branching refers to the formation of an erect and strong main stem from the main stem, while the lateral branches at all levels are less developed.
(3) 種子 (Seed)︰
種子由胚珠經過傳粉受精形成，是種子植物持有的繁殖器官。
Seeds are formed by pollination and fertilization of ovules and are unique reproductive organs of seed plants.
(4) 胚珠 (Ovule)︰
胚珠為子房內的卵形小體，是種子的前體，為受精後發育成種子的結構。
The ovule is an ovate body in the ovary and is a precursor of the seed. It is a structure that develops into a seed after fertilization.
(5) 木質部 (Xylem)︰
木質部負責將根吸收的水分及溶解於水里面的離子往上運輸。
The xylem is responsible for transporting the water absorbed by the roots and the ions dissolved in the water.
(6) 管胞 (Tracheid)︰
管胞是裸子植物的主要輸水機構。
The tracheid is the main water delivery mechanism for gymnosperms.
侏羅紀早期 (Early Jurassic)︰
(1) 肺 (Lung)︰
肺作為呼吸器官使四足動物能夠長久在陸地上生存。
The lungs act as a respiratory organ to enable the quadruped to survive on land for a long time.
(2) 呼吸 (Respiration)︰
呼吸是指機體與外界環境之間氣體交換的過程。
Respiration is the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment.
(3) 氣體交換 (Gas exchange)︰
氣體交換指吸入的氧氣和呼出的二氧化碳在體內進行交換的過程。
Gas exchange refers to the exchange of oxygen inhaled and carbon dioxide exhaled in the body.
(4) 肺泡 (Alveolus)︰
肺泡是肺部氣體交換的主要部位。
The alveoli are the main sites of air exchange in the lungs.
(5) 氣囊 (Air sac)︰
氣囊是鳥類的一種呼吸器官，部分蜥腳類恐龍的體內也有氣囊。
Air sacs were a type of breathing organ in birds, and some sauropod dinosaurs also had air sacs in their bodies.
侏羅紀晚期 (Late Jurassic)︰
(1) 四肢 (Four Limbs)︰
四肢來源於鰭，這標誌著生命走上陸地。
Four limbs are derived from the fins, which marks the life walk to the land.
(2) 鱗片 (Scale armour)︰
鱗片是一些動物皮膚表面衍生的硬薄片狀結構，有保護作用。
Scales armour are hard, lamellar structures derived from the surface of the skin of some animals and have protective effects.
(3) 爬行 (Crawl)︰
爬行動物體溫不恒定，是真正適應陸棲生活的變溫脊椎動物。
Reptiles are not constant in body temperature, they are the variable temperature vertebrates that really adapt to terrestrial life.
(4) 羊膜 (Aminon)︰
羊膜是單層上皮細胞互相連接構成的薄膜。
Amnion is a membrane in which monolayer epithelial cells are connected to each other.
(5) 冬眠 (Hibernation)︰
冬眠是動物對冬季外界不良環境條件的一種適應。
Hibernation is an adaptation of animals to the adverse external environmental conditions in winter.
白堊紀早期 (Early Cretaceous)︰
(1) 鳥臀 (Ornithischia)︰
鳥臀目是一類有喙的草食性恐龍，與鳥類相似的骨盆結構。
Ornithischia is a kind of herbivorous dinosaur with beak, which has a pelvic structure similar to birds.
(2) 骨盆四射型 (Pelvic four-shot shape)︰
鳥臀目恐龍的腰帶，骨盆從側面看是四射型，腸骨前都大大擴張。
The waist and pelvic of the Ornithischia looks like four-shot shape from the side, and the intestinal bones are greatly expanded both front and back.
(3) 四足步態 (Four gait)︰
鳥臀類恐龍除一些早期類群外，都是四足行走，並且全都是吃植物的。
Except for some early groups, ornithisaurs walked on all fours and ate plants.
(4) 防禦結構 (Defensive structure)︰
為了抵禦肉食性恐龍的攻擊，鳥臀類恐龍發育出了多種多樣的防禦結構。
Bird-buttock dinosaurs developed a variety of defensive structures to defend themselves against the attacks of carnivorous dinosaurs.
(5) 植食性 (Herbivory)︰
植食性是指動物以植物為食的現象。
Herbivory refers to the phenomenon in which animals feed on plants.
(6) 喙 (Beak)︰
大多數鳥臀類恐龍都有喙，方便撕裂植物。
Most bird-buttock dinosaurs have beaks that allow them to rip through plants.
白堊紀中期 (Middle Cretaceous)︰
(1) 蜥臀 (Saurischia)︰
蜥臀恐龍的腰帶從側面看是三射形，結構與蜥蜴類相似。
The Waist of the Saurischia looks as triradial shap form the side, which has a pelvic structure similar to lizard.
(2) 骨盆三射型 (Pelvic three-shot shape)︰
蜥臀目恐龍的腰帶，骨盆從側面看是三射型，髂骨背向延伸。
The waist and pelvic of the Scuischia looks like three-shot shape from the side, and the humerus extends backward.
(3) 獸腳 (Theropoda)︰
獸腳亞目大多數都是肉食性恐龍，兩足行走，趾端長有銳利的爪子。
Theropods were mostly carnivorous dinosaurs that walked on two legs and had sharp claws on their toes.
(4) 蜥腳 (Sauropoda)︰
蜥腳亞目四足行走的素食性巨型恐龍，牙齒呈小匙狀，頸及尾均長。
A large, vegetarian, four-footed sauropod with spoonlike teeth and a long neck and tail.
(5) 肉食性 (Carnivory)︰
肉食性是指動物以肉類為食的現象。
Carnivory refers to the phenomenon that animals feed on meat.
白堊紀晚期 (Late Cretaceous)︰
(1) 被子植物 (Angiospermae)︰
被子植物種類最多、分佈最廣、適應性最強、也叫開花植物。
Angiospermae have the largest variety, the widest distribution, and the strongest adaptability, also known as flowering plants.
(2) 雙受精 (Double fertilization)︰
被子植物雙受精後由合子發育成胚，中央細胞發育成胚乳。
After the double fertilization of the angiosperm, the zygote develops into an embryo, and the central cell develops into an endosperm.
(3) 雌蕊 (Gynoecium)︰
雌蕊的柱頭粘附花粉，花粉穿過雌蕊到達子房與卵子結合，並發育成種子。
After pollen grains land on the stigma, a pollen tube grows from the pollen grain, through the style, and into the ovary. After fertilization occurs, each ovule develops into a seed.
(4) 雄蕊 (Androecium)︰
雄蕊是被子植物花的雄性生殖器，其作用是產生花粉。
Androecium is the male genital organ of angiosperm flowers, which can produce pollen.
(5) 花冠 (Corolla)︰
花冠在花開放以前保護花的內部結構，花開放以後招引昆蟲前來傳粉。
The corolla protects the internal structure of the flower before it opens and invites insects to pollinate after it opens.
(6) 花萼 (Calyx)︰
花萼包在花蕾外面，起保護花蕾的作用。
Calyx wraps outside the bud to protect it.
第三紀 (Tertiary)︰
(1) 哺乳 (Mammal)︰
哺乳動物是全身被毛、運動快速、恆溫胎生、體內有膈的脊椎動物。
Mammals are vertebrates with hairs all over the body, fast movement, constant temperature and diaphragm.
(2) 恆溫 (Thermostatic)︰
恆溫動物能在環境溫度變化的情況下保持體溫的相對穩定。
Thermostatic animals can keep their body temperature relatively stable when the ambient temperature changes.
(3) 胎生 (Viviparous)︰
胎生是動物的受精卵在雌性動物體內的子宮裡發育成熟並生產的過程。
Viviparous is the process by which a zygote of an animal matures and is produced in the uterus of a female animal.
(4) 神經系統 (Nervous system)︰
神經系統是機體內對生理功能活動的調節起主導作用的系統。
The nervous system is a system that plays a leading role in regulating physiological activities in the body.
(5) 適應環境 (Environmentalaspect)︰
當中生代末地殼運動加劇，環境發生重大改變時，哺乳動物顯示了很強的競爭能力。
When the crustal movement intensified at the end of the Mesozoic and the environment changed significantly, mammals showed a strong ability to compete.
資料來源︰生命簡史 古生物放置 遊戲的資料
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2020年3月4日星期三
開徵銷售稅
財政司話想開徵銷售稅
先唔評論是否可行、對香港好唔好、技術點做的問題
我只係想講，如果您係中五或以下
可以睇清楚佢是否真係推行
因為真係推行的話，香港的會計行業需求會上升唔少
可能大家揀 jupas 時，可多考慮呢方面的學系
而中六的朋友，相信您派埋大學，財政司都未必有具體方案
所以唔建議大家嚮一個懷疑狀態下轉報會計學科
一下又有商家佬大力反對而取消
大家就可能撲個空
另一方面，讀經濟的同學都要理解開徵銷售稅的好處、壞處
DSE經濟係會考的
銷售稅係一種累退的稅 (regressive tax)
因為收入高和收入低的人，買相同數量同樣的貨品都是要繳交相同的稅款
所以稅款除收入，高收入的會有一個較低的稅率
這個會引發貧富更不均的情況，富者愈富、貧者愈貧
(當然，有部分地方的銷售稅不會於必需品 (necessity)上徵收
可能只係向奢侈品 (luxury) 徵收，如果真的話，
高收入的要抽稅、低收入的變相唔洗抽稅，貧富不均的問題可以倒轉頭改善)
而另一個關於 普及銷售稅 (General sales tax) 的好處是
可能將香港的 稅基 (Tax base) 加大
香港一般的稅收係︰利得稅 (profit tax)、薪俸稅 (salary tax)、物業稅 (property tax)
由於香港有個人免稅額，所以香港有唔少人都無需交以上三種的稅款
(如果一個人無攪生意，無物業出租、打工的收入低過免稅額，就三種稅都唔洗交)
而呢三種的稅款亦會跟隨經濟週期而大幅波動
當經濟不景時，大多數公司都少盈利甚至無盈利，
大多數打工的全年收入都少於免稅額，
大多數出租物業的價格都下跌，
三種稅收就會大幅度下降，以及要交稅的人會好少好少 (稅基非常窄)
稅基一旦好窄，您加稅都無辦法大力增加政府收入
100個人只係3個交稅，您抄佢家都無咩肉食
(當然，政府仲有一個好大的收入來源是賣地
但當經濟不景，賣地收入亦會下降)
故開徵銷售稅就可以改善呢個因經濟週期而導致政府收入下降的問題
因為開徵後 (假設大多數市場上的物品和服務都要徵稅)
基本上市民一消費，或多或少都會進貢一些給庫房
由於被間接徵稅的市民眾多，我地會呢種叫擴闊稅基 (Tax base)
雖然經濟不景時，市民消費意欲都會下降，間接銷售稅的收入都會下降
但跌幅一定遠比直接稅 (利得稅 (profit tax)、薪俸稅 (salary tax)、物業稅 (property tax)) 為低。
呢個方法有d似我之前好書有介紹過的一本書的內容
佢話古時有一個皇帝，因為打扙想徵收更多的稅收
第一個主意係加稅，每家每戶都要加稅，稅收自然多
但有一個大臣就話唔太可行，因為當時有好多人民係隱居
即政府都唔知佢地的存在，所以您加稅佢地無感覺
因為您都搵佢唔到
所以大臣就建議不如將 "鹽" 國營左佢
只有政府才可以賣 "鹽"
由於人類係一定要食 "鹽"
隱居的都要食，只要國營左 "鹽"，再將 "鹽" 輕輕抬價
收入就會更豐富
呢個都係攞到擴闊稅基的效果
當然佢個方法不是直接徵稅
而係用有D似國企的方法為國家賺錢
只不過國企會有些特權
好覺得無論咩方案都好
政府就一定係想財政穩健
市民就一定係唔洗交稅
呢個矛盾就留有空間俾班政客中間搵政治本錢
但唔該你班政客唔好再搵年輕人做馬前卒
你班政客唔滿意個政府施政就自己去絕食吧
先唔評論是否可行、對香港好唔好、技術點做的問題
我只係想講，如果您係中五或以下
可以睇清楚佢是否真係推行
因為真係推行的話，香港的會計行業需求會上升唔少
可能大家揀 jupas 時，可多考慮呢方面的學系
而中六的朋友，相信您派埋大學，財政司都未必有具體方案
所以唔建議大家嚮一個懷疑狀態下轉報會計學科
一下又有商家佬大力反對而取消
大家就可能撲個空
另一方面，讀經濟的同學都要理解開徵銷售稅的好處、壞處
DSE經濟係會考的
銷售稅係一種累退的稅 (regressive tax)
因為收入高和收入低的人，買相同數量同樣的貨品都是要繳交相同的稅款
所以稅款除收入，高收入的會有一個較低的稅率
這個會引發貧富更不均的情況，富者愈富、貧者愈貧
(當然，有部分地方的銷售稅不會於必需品 (necessity)上徵收
可能只係向奢侈品 (luxury) 徵收，如果真的話，
高收入的要抽稅、低收入的變相唔洗抽稅，貧富不均的問題可以倒轉頭改善)
而另一個關於 普及銷售稅 (General sales tax) 的好處是
可能將香港的 稅基 (Tax base) 加大
香港一般的稅收係︰利得稅 (profit tax)、薪俸稅 (salary tax)、物業稅 (property tax)
由於香港有個人免稅額，所以香港有唔少人都無需交以上三種的稅款
(如果一個人無攪生意，無物業出租、打工的收入低過免稅額，就三種稅都唔洗交)
而呢三種的稅款亦會跟隨經濟週期而大幅波動
當經濟不景時，大多數公司都少盈利甚至無盈利，
大多數打工的全年收入都少於免稅額，
大多數出租物業的價格都下跌，
三種稅收就會大幅度下降，以及要交稅的人會好少好少 (稅基非常窄)
稅基一旦好窄，您加稅都無辦法大力增加政府收入
100個人只係3個交稅，您抄佢家都無咩肉食
(當然，政府仲有一個好大的收入來源是賣地
但當經濟不景，賣地收入亦會下降)
故開徵銷售稅就可以改善呢個因經濟週期而導致政府收入下降的問題
因為開徵後 (假設大多數市場上的物品和服務都要徵稅)
基本上市民一消費，或多或少都會進貢一些給庫房
由於被間接徵稅的市民眾多，我地會呢種叫擴闊稅基 (Tax base)
雖然經濟不景時，市民消費意欲都會下降，間接銷售稅的收入都會下降
但跌幅一定遠比直接稅 (利得稅 (profit tax)、薪俸稅 (salary tax)、物業稅 (property tax)) 為低。
呢個方法有d似我之前好書有介紹過的一本書的內容
佢話古時有一個皇帝，因為打扙想徵收更多的稅收
第一個主意係加稅，每家每戶都要加稅，稅收自然多
但有一個大臣就話唔太可行，因為當時有好多人民係隱居
即政府都唔知佢地的存在，所以您加稅佢地無感覺
因為您都搵佢唔到
所以大臣就建議不如將 "鹽" 國營左佢
只有政府才可以賣 "鹽"
由於人類係一定要食 "鹽"
隱居的都要食，只要國營左 "鹽"，再將 "鹽" 輕輕抬價
收入就會更豐富
呢個都係攞到擴闊稅基的效果
當然佢個方法不是直接徵稅
而係用有D似國企的方法為國家賺錢
只不過國企會有些特權
好覺得無論咩方案都好
政府就一定係想財政穩健
市民就一定係唔洗交稅
呢個矛盾就留有空間俾班政客中間搵政治本錢
但唔該你班政客唔好再搵年輕人做馬前卒
你班政客唔滿意個政府施政就自己去絕食吧
2020年2月13日星期四
HKDSE Biology 生物
HKDSE Biology
Compulsory Part
Chapter 1 : Cells and Molecules of Life 細胞與生命分子
Chapter 2 : Genetics and Evolution 遺傳與進化
Chapter 3A: Essential life processes in plants 植物維持生命的活動
Chapter 3B: Essential life processes in animals 動物維持生命的活動
Chapter 3C: Reproduction, growth and development 生殖、生長和發育
Chapter 3D: Coordination and response 協調和反應
Chapter 3E: Homeostasis 體內平衡
Chapter 3F: Ecosystems 生態系
Chapter 4: Health and Disease 健康與疾病
Chapter 3E: Homeostasis 體內平衡
Chapter 3E: Homeostasis 體內平衡
Chapter 3E: Homeostasis 體內平衡
Elective Part (2 out of 4)
Chapter 5: Human Physiology: Regulation and Control 人體生理學︰調節與控制
Chapter 6: Applied Ecology 應用生物學
Chapter 7: Microorganisms and Humans 微生物與人類
Chapter 8: Biotechnology 生物工程
課外資料︰
生命簡史 古生物放置攻略
Compulsory Part
Chapter 1 : Cells and Molecules of Life 細胞與生命分子
Chapter 2 : Genetics and Evolution 遺傳與進化
Chapter 3A: Essential life processes in plants 植物維持生命的活動
Chapter 3B: Essential life processes in animals 動物維持生命的活動
Chapter 3C: Reproduction, growth and development 生殖、生長和發育
Chapter 3D: Coordination and response 協調和反應
Chapter 3E: Homeostasis 體內平衡
Chapter 3F: Ecosystems 生態系
Chapter 4: Health and Disease 健康與疾病
Chapter 3E: Homeostasis 體內平衡
Chapter 3E: Homeostasis 體內平衡
Chapter 3E: Homeostasis 體內平衡
Elective Part (2 out of 4)
Chapter 5: Human Physiology: Regulation and Control 人體生理學︰調節與控制
Chapter 6: Applied Ecology 應用生物學
Chapter 7: Microorganisms and Humans 微生物與人類
Chapter 8: Biotechnology 生物工程
課外資料︰
生命簡史 古生物放置攻略
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