Target markets目標市場
(1) Types of market segmentation 市場區分方法
(a) Demographic Segmentation 人口區隔
e.g. Age, gender, income level, occupation, nationality
年齡、性別、收入、職業、國藉
(b) Geographic Segmentation 地理區隔
e.g. Hong Kong, Macau 香港、澳門
(c) Psychological Segmentation 心理區隔
e.g. Social Class, lifestyle, personality
社會階層、生活方式、性格
(d) Benefit Segmentation 利益區隔
strive for different benefit 追求不同的利益
e.g. 洗衣粉: 白、香、慳
(e) Behavior Segmentation 行為區隔
e.g. occasion 節日
(2) Factors affecting the evaluation of market segments
影響市場組別評估的因素
(a) Size and growth 市場規模及增長
(b) Structural attractiveness of market segment
市場組別的結構性吸引力
(c) Objectives of the company 公司目標
(d) Resources of the company 公司資源
Marketing mix - 4Ps 市場營銷組合 - 4Ps
(1) Product 產品
(a) Variety of goods or services 產品或服務多樣化
(b) Branding 建立品牌
(c) Packaging 包裝
(d) Product supporting service 產品支援服務
(2) Price 價格
(a) Skimming pricing 撇脂訂價
- customers of low price sensitivity
- highest possible price
- maximize short-term profit through higher margins
- 顧客價格不敏感
- 最高可能價格
- 高邊際利潤令短期利潤最大化
(b) Penetration pricing 滲透訂價
- customers are price-sensitive
- relatively low price
- capture market share instantly
- 顧客價格敏感
- 比較低價格
- 短時間增加市場佔有率
(3) Place 分銷渠道
(a) Intensive distribution 密集性分銷
(b) Selective distribution 選擇性分銷
(c) Exclusive distribution 獨家性分銷
(4) Promotion 推廣
(a) Advertising 廣告
(b) Sales Promotion 促銷
e.g. discount, free gift 折扣、免費禮品
(c) Personal Selling 個人銷售
(d) Public relations 公共關係
e.g. grand opening, press release 開幕禮、記者會
(e) Direct marketing 直接行銷
Product life cycle 產品生命周期
(1) Introduction 介紹期
(a) Slow sales growth 銷售增長緩慢
(b) Profits may be negative 盈利可能負數
(c) Few competitors 很少競爭者
(d) High average cost 高平均成本
(2) Growth 成長期
(a) Fast sales growth 銷售增長急速
(b) Profits increase rapidly 盈利增長急速
(c) More competitors 愈來愈多競爭者
(d) Average cost is dropping 平均成本下降
(3) Maturity 成熟期
(a) Highest sales 銷售達致最高
(b) Highest Profits 盈利達致最高
(c) Stable amount of competitors 穩定競爭者人數
(d) Lowest average cost 平均成本達致最低
(4) Decline 衰退期
(a) Sales decrease 銷售下降
(b) Profits decrease 盈利下降
(c) Less competitors 競爭者人數下降
(d) Average cost rebound 平均成本反彈
Services 服務
(1) Intangibility 無形
enhance visibility of service standard 改善可見的服務標準
(2) Inseparability 不可分割
produce & consume at the same time 生產與消費同一時間
Experienced staff with good communication skills
有良好溝通能力及經驗的員工
(3) Heterogeneity 異質
Train to provide standardize service 訓練出標準化的服務
(4) Perishability 易逝 (無得儲貨)
Provide a discount in non-peak hour 非繁忙時間提供優惠
e-Marketing Strategies 電子市場營銷策略
(1) Product 產品 - purchase record 購物紀錄
(2) Price 價格 - set by online auction 網上拍賣形式定價
(3) Place 分銷渠道 - transaction 24 hours, without paying rent
無需付租金可24小時交易
(4) Promotion 推廣 - through electronic means 通過電子媒介
Function 功能:
(1) save cost 節省成本
(2) increase coverage 增加涵蓋範圍
(3) non-stop operation 二十四小時營業
(4) tailor-made product for customer 為顧客提供度身訂做產品
Customer relationship management (CRM)
顧客關係管理
use of customers' information to build and maintain customer relationships in an organized way
運用顧客資訊以建立及維持顧客關係的一個系統過程
(1) more customer's information, more tailor-made product
更多客戶資料,產品就可更度身訂造
(2) cost of serving existing customers lower than cost of attracting new customers
服務現有客戶成本會比吸引新客戶的成本低
(3) retain existing customers is easier than acquire new customers
保留現有客戶比吸納新客戶容易
(4) increase opportunity of cross-selling
增加交叉銷售機會
Factors affecting customer loyalty
影響顧客忠誠度的因素
(1) frequent customers' connection 維持頻密接觸
(2) handle customer complaints promptly 迅速處理顧客投訴
(3) provide more and better services 提供更多更好的服務
連結 Link:
BAFS - Paper 2B
連結 Link:
Herman Yeung Blog 主目錄
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